Conflict of Interest

CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY Article I Purpose The purpose of the conflict of interest policy is to protect Diamond Cut Loyalty Canine Rescue and Pit Bull Rehabilitation, Inc. ’s (herein â€Å"Organization†) interest when it is contemplating entering into a transaction or arrangement that might benefit the private interest of an officer or director of the Organization or might result in a possible excess benefit transaction. This policy is intended to supplement but not replace any applicable state and federal laws governing conflict of interest applicable to nonprofit and charitable organizations. Article II Definitions . Interested Person Any director, principal officer, or member of a committee with governing board delegated powers, who has a direct or indirect financial interest, as defined below, is an Interested Person. 2. Financial Interest A person has a financial interest if the person has, directly or indirectly, through business, investment, or family: a. An o wnership or investment interest in any entity with which the Organization has a transaction or arrangement, b. A compensation arrangement with the Organization or with any entity or individual with which the Organization has a transaction or arrangement, or . A potential ownership or investment interest in, or compensation arrangement with, any entity or individual with which the Organization is negotiating a transaction or arrangement. Compensation includes direct and indirect remuneration as well as gifts or favors that are not insubstantial. A financial interest is not necessarily a conflict of interest. Under Article III, Section 2, a person who has a financial interest may have a conflict of interest only if the Board of Directors decides that a conflict of interest exists. 3. Board of Directors The directors, collectively, of the Organization. Article IIIProcedures 1. Duty to Disclose In connection with any actual or possible conflict of interest, an Interested Person must dis close the existence of the financial interest and be given the opportunity to disclose all material facts to the Board of Directors relating to the proposed transaction or arrangement. 2. Determining Whether a Conflict of Interest Exists After disclosure of the financial interest and all material facts, and after any discussion with the interested person, he/she shall leave the Board of Directors meeting while the determination of a conflict of interest is discussed and voted upon.The remaining board members shall decide if a conflict of interest exists. 3. Procedures for Addressing the Conflict of Interest a. An interested person may make a presentation to the Board of Directors, but after the presentation, he/she shall leave the meeting during the discussion of, and the vote on, the transaction or arrangement involving the possible conflict of interest. b. The chairperson of the Board of Directors shall, if appropriate, appoint a disinterested person or committee to investigate al ternatives to the proposed transaction or arrangement. c.After exercising due diligence, the Board of Directors shall determine whether the Organization can obtain with reasonable efforts a more advantageous transaction or arrangement from a person or entity that would not give rise to a conflict of interest. d. If a more advantageous transaction or arrangement is not reasonably possible under circumstances not producing a conflict of interest, the Board of Directors shall determine by a majority vote of the disinterested directors whether the transaction or arrangement is in the Organization’s best interest, for its own benefit, and whether it is fair and reasonable.In conformity with the above determination it shall make its decision as to whether to enter into the transaction or arrangement. 4. Violations of the Conflicts of Interest Policy a. If the Board of Directors has reasonable cause to believe a member has failed to disclose actual or possible conflicts of interest, it shall inform the member of the basis for such belief and afford the member an opportunity to explain the alleged failure to disclose. . If, after hearing the member’s response and after making further investigation as warranted by the circumstances, the Board of Directors determines the member has failed to disclose an actual or possible conflict of interest, it shall take appropriate disciplinary and corrective action. Article IV Records of Proceedings The minutes of the Board of Directors’ meeting shall contain: a.The names of the persons who disclosed or otherwise were found to have a financial interest in connection with an actual or possible conflict of interest, the nature of the financial interest, any action taken to determine whether a conflict of interest was present, and the Board of Directors’ decision as to whether a conflict of interest in fact existed. b. The names of the persons who were present for discussions and votes relating to the trans action or arrangement, the content of the discussion, including any alternatives to the proposed transaction or arrangement, and a record of any votes taken in connection with the proceedings.Article V Compensation a. A voting member of the Board of Directors who receives compensation, directly or indirectly, from the Organization for services is precluded from voting on matters pertaining to that member’s compensation. b. A voting member of any committee whose jurisdiction includes compensation matters and who receives compensation, directly or indirectly, from the Organization for services is precluded from voting on matters pertaining to that member’s compensation. c.No voting member of the Board of Directors whose jurisdiction includes compensation matters and who receives compensation, directly or indirectly, from the Organization, either individually or collectively, is prohibited from providing information to any committee regarding compensation. Article VI Annu al Statements Each director, principal officer and member of a committee with governing board delegated powers shall annually sign a statement which affirms such person: a. Has received a copy of the conflicts of interest policy, . Has read and understands the policy, c. Has agreed to comply with the policy, and d. Understands the Organization is charitable and in order to maintain its federal tax exemption it must engage primarily in activities which accomplish one or more of its tax-exempt purposes. Article VII Periodic Reviews To ensure the Organization operates in a manner consistent with charitable purposes and does not engage in activities that could jeopardize its tax-exempt status, periodic reviews shall be conducted.The periodic reviews shall, at a minimum, include the following subjects: a. Whether compensation arrangements and benefits are reasonable, based on competent survey information, and the result of arm’s length bargaining. b. Whether partnerships, joint ve ntures, and arrangements with management organizations conform to the Organization’s written policies, are properly recorded, reflect reasonable investment or payments for goods and services, further charitable purposes and do not result in inurement, impermissible private benefit or in an excess benefit transaction.

Effect of rock lyrics on behaviour

You must be listening to rock music, don't you? Which are your favourite bands? I love listening to music but rock is just not my type. I like peaceful, classical music. The lyrics are horrible. It seems as if someone is screaming on top of their voices. They do not make sense. It has a severe effect on schoolwork, social interactions, mood and particularly behavior. Lyrics have become more explicit in their references to violence over the years, particularly in certain genres like rock. They have particularly harsh effect on the behaviour and usually on certain attributes like aggression. There have been many researches on this issue which all point to the same result. People, especially adolescents listening to rock culture are likely to be more aggressive and quick-tempered. They may also have an ego problem. Bad egos will always a negative effect on a child's behaviour and personality. This has more or less an invariable outcome on studies, mood and social life. Their concentration in school depletes. Experts say, â€Å"Children who are exposed to such kind of music and lyrics at a young age tend to degrade in their studies and as a result may go into depression.† They usually get angry faster and create big quarrels over small topics. They are said to become more ‘rebellious' and are often prone to mood swings. Moreover, the lyrics of the music have become more vulgar and obscene in the past decade. Parents are becoming concerned about what the child listens to and they cannot find it out due to the more frequent usage of headphones. They learn more offensive vocabulary which is not meant for their age. In some of the more severe cases a child may become addictive to rock and may find it hard to even stop listening to it. In some rare cases it has also lead to death. Some people, the young generation in particular believe that music cannot possibly have an effect on a person's mental, physical and psychological behaviour. They also consider it affects a person positively and enhances concentration and is a means of becoming stress free. However, this statement is not true and I believe that rock music is no less than a drug. I advise to all parents to inhibit this addiction and nip it in the bud. It is for a child's own safety that he must not listen to such music.

Global Financial Stability Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Financial Stability - Term Paper Example Therefore, global financial stability entails smooth operations of the financial institutions and global markets in conjunction with the global economy. Therefore, to determine a global financial stability balance of payments would help in providing information of an interpedently economy. Balance of payments Balance of payments is records of all financial transactions that are made between businesses, the American government and the consumers with people across the rest of the world. The figure in balance of payments explains the amount being spent by the consumers of a particular country and firms on imported goods and services (Choi, 2009). It also entails the degree of success the firms in a particular nation in terms of exports to other countries and markets. This is an essential measure of the United States economic performance worldwide. Karmakar (2010) suggests that a balance of payments gives information about the economic interdependence of a particular economy with foreign countries. It records the value of all transactions among residents and foreign persons for a given duration. Exports and investments are recorded as positive or alternative surplus items while imports or other deployments of capital in foreign countries are registered as negative or deficit entries. These payments relate to the United States banking growth in that when there is a crisis on balance of payments it might result into a banking crisis overseas. This happens when the economic growth is below the normal status (Choi, 2009). Both crises are preceded by great recessions, hence, this is worsening to trade sector and an overestimated exchange price and the rising cost of credit. In addition, this will have a hard hit on the countries’ exports resulting into a financial shock to the financial institutions. The balance of payments statements are used by the United States banks to interpret information thus enhancing better performances since the information from the sta tements is used to make appropriate financial decisions that control the monetary policy of the country’s economy. Banks overseas have a financial account, where any charges in assets and liabilities are recognized as foreign assets (Stern, 2006). The two possible entries to this entail the export capital, which emerges to an increase in assets or reduction in the external liabilities. On the other hand, the United States capital imports point to decrease in receivables and increase in external liabilities. This would enhance bank growth overseas due to the presence of more liquid cash in overseas banks resulting into a more stable financial base thus enhancing activities such as loan borrowing with competent interest rates .This increases the growth and development of the financial institutions such as banks since there is sufficient capital for development. The main balance of payments of a bank is also a portion of the balance of capital transfers account. In this case, th e balance shows funding to a statistical adjust in the outstanding stock on net foreign assets (Choi, 2009). The balance of payments is considered as one of the major indicators of the United States level of economic growth and this has a positive influence in the banking industry overseas. Consequently, it has the potential to control the rates of free-floating currencies since

For movie Doubt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

For movie Doubt - Essay Example For him, the said method will give greater impact than to write an ending since every ending created by each audience evidently apply in their own lives. By having personal conclusion as to how the story will end, analysis can be undertaken and the impact of movie will be greater (Pinto). Due to the heightened tension as to what was really happening in real life, people went out of their way to watch and see the play when it was first portrayed on stage. They were hoping that the play would shed some light as to what have transpired in the past. However, that was not the intention of the play. People who would like to see films that are neatly plotted and will have a happy ever after ending would not be pleased with this film. However, it is not just an eye-opener as to what is happening within the church but also the way how the audience would be thinking. The film tested the capability of the audience to accept what the film has to offer. The movie not only tested the artistic limi tations of the people in understanding the perspective of the story (Pinto). Though the plot of the story was based on the scandalous rumors going around during the time the play was originally shown, Shanley said in one of his interviews that it is not all about the church or the topic that is hitting the core of Catholicism. In his interview, he elaborated that the message of the film barely touched religion and abuse. Rather it was about people who lives with doubts and prejudice in their daily lives. In life, there are no what if’s, right now is what a person only has. If a person has doubts in his heart and mind, he would not have anything at all when his presumptions are proven to be false. â€Å"When your assumptions are overturned, what are you left with to look at,† Shanley stated (Fine). It is not just doubt which is present in the story. There is also the undying inequality factor. In the movie, it was shown that the nuns and the priests are not having the s ame privileges though they are on the same inclination. It just shows that inequality is still very much present in this world, inequality between men and women, blacks and whites, rich and poor. Does being on the upper hand of things makes a person better than another (NPR.Org)? â€Å"You can't hold a child responsible for what God gave him to be,† the character of Mrs. Miller expressed in the film. Since her son is the only black student in school, it is not his fault that he is black. He is not lesser than the other students because of the color of his skin. Malice enters the story as the factor which drove Sister Aloysius to think that Donald was exploited by the priest. It is simply because then, until now, people are still being judged because of the color of their skin or the way they speak. Prejudice is also one of the factors present in a person’s daily life. Usually, these prejudices arise when a person’s background became known to another. When such p rejudice enters the scene, inequality is not far behind. These prejudgments tend to label people because of some other things besides the fact of who they truly are. Though a person may have a clean record, there are minds that are just full of embedded stories which are waiting to be said out loud. It is because of these things why people perceive something as right and wrong and see people whether they are good or bad. It is only the outside which is being taken in consideration and not what is inside which matters the most (NPR.Org).

SOCIOLOGY Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SOCIOLOGY - Term Paper Example They also specify the rewards for observing them as well as punishment for conformity purposes (Chrisman 127). Therefore, norms form the foundation of collective expectations that people of a given community have from one another, and play a vital role in social control and order. A person’s behavior or thinking capacity can be classified as abnormal if at all it violates the set of laws about the expectations in a given social group. Other people might feel threatened or even uncomfortable with their behavior. It is explicitly clear that social behavior varies from one culture to another. For instance, it is a common phenomenon for people to stand closer to strangers in Southern Europe than in the United Kingdom. The extent to which a norm can be violated, the value attached to it and the importance of the norm varies from one community to another. Whether the violation is abnormal, criminal, eccentric or rude depends with the affected individuals. Social norms can be termed as inevitable and unstable. Behavior that would be considered abnormal may with time become acceptable in a community. For instance, driving under alcohol influence could be considered acceptable but at the present time it can be viewed as socially unacceptable. On the other hand, homosexuality can be considered unacceptable, but it is acceptable in many countries today. Social norms come up as a result of social values, and they serve the purpose of differentiating human behavior from that of other animals. Human beings have the ability to elaborate communication that is symbolic and structure their behavior in terms of preferences referred to as values. For that reason, norms are the means which values can be articulated in behavior (Lewis 83). While shopping in London city on one afternoon, it started drizzling. Everyone was happy because it had taken

Research critique on Women with Dementia Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critique on Women with Dementia - Research Paper Example The study was written in APA style with correct citations throughout the article. There was an extensive reference list at the end of the article that spanned 26 years (1979-2005). The references are aligned with different aspects of the study and the authors provided an extensive list that could have been used by someone who wanted to conduct another study like it. There was no indication of the authors’ credentials on the article so more research was available about the authors. Ward-Griffin is an educator and researcher at the Lawson Health Research Institute in Canada, focusing on â€Å"gender, care work and health† (Ward-Griffin, 2013, para. 1). Her research has been funded nationally. Bol is a Nurse Case Manager at the London Health Sciences Centre in London, Ontario. Her specialty is psychogeriatric nursing, according to her LinkedIN profile. Oudshoorn is an assistant professor at the Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing in Canada and his specialties are in community health and mental health (Western Health Sciences, 2013). All three researchers have the qualifications to add expertise to this article. The title of this article was misleading because it appeared at the first several readings of the title that the authors were talking to the adult daughters of women with dementia. When reading the paper, the authors talked to women with dementia about the care that they were receiving from their daughters. This made a very different objective for the gathering of data and the presentation of the results than if the study had interviewed the women. The researchers conducted 10 in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 10 women living in the community. The average age for the participants was 88 years of age but the range of ages was from 75 to 98. The average time spent with mothers and daughters together was three

Compating Two Architecs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Compating Two Architecs - Essay Example Rapid urbanization and the high demand for houses has led to variations in the architectural designs that are used in the design of structures. There are contradictory forces between those who propose simple structures that are practical without ornaments and those that demand for traditional architecture that embraced ornaments to beautify the structures. Significantly, there is a great divide between the construction of simple practical structures that do not lay emphasis on ornaments and using of ornaments in architecture. It would be appropriate to consider the impact of either form of architecture to the environment. In essence, architecture in either the traditional or modern form should be able to stand harmoniously with culture.(Rhodes, 1995). It should be noted that the changing facets of architecture have been brought about by commercialism and consumption attitudes, architectural fashions and professional egoism that have significantly transformed over the decades. Towns a nd urban centers should have architectural designs that provide an identity to the place and present an appreciation of the cultural aspects of the place. Over the generations, architecture has been between mankind and the environment around them. As individual characteristics are different so it should be with cities, with urban planning. In traditional architecture, ornaments were accorded very high value. ... Tall imposing buildings are meant to show economic advancement without necessarily being appealing from the ornamental perspective. The prerequisites are visibility and surprise; the creation of a distinct image in the observer’s mind for capturing his attention. This goes to the extent of borrowing symbols and motifs from earlier periods or other culture in order to legitimize a new social order. Modern architecture has given prominence to the concept of â€Å"internationalization†. The design of buildings has become uniform regardless of the cultural background. It has become a norm to have generic high rise block buildings in almost every city in the world. The advent of modern architecture in the 1920s marked the beginning of the demise for ornamental architecture. The notion of good design has evolved to mean that an architectural design has to be plain and simple. According to Loos (1998), ornamentation was unnecessary and had high cost implications. The origins o f modern architecture can be attributed to the social and political revolutions of that time. Advances in technology and engineering gave rise to new materials such as iron and steel which encourage minimalist design. The paper seeks makes a comparison between two architects: showcasing modern minimalist architecture and the traditional ornamental architecture. The major issue is to analyze the impact of both forms of architecture to the society. Notably, the impact of the evolution of architecture over time is analyzed in order to ascertain its relevance to the society and the environment. Traditional Ornamental Architecture: Dankmar Adler The definition of an

Essay on Police and the Community Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On Police and the Community - Essay Example A lesser barricade could be people’s self-esteem and self-perception (Morris, 2008). This is because they do not view themselves as activists or leaders. This perceptual concern is a barrier for over 36% of the adults in America. Not being an activist or leader is a barrier for 42% of adults who are not involved but wish to be. Disengaged participants in several focus groups stated that they wish for a fearless director with organizational skills, knowledge, plans, enthusiasm, a selfless attitude, and honesty. This group also puts more weight in disliking politics than adults on not knowing anyone else taking part in the activity. In order to overcome these obstacles, authorities that are involved in public participations should ensure that those who are involved in the activity are protected. Authorities need to educate people on these barriers and assure them that they will be safe after they take part in the activity (Thurlow, 2008). Question 2 Policy makers have a tough ta sk of carrying out what is best for their constituents plus their countries. This makes them the voice of the citizens. It is extremely vital that a police chief should be a policy maker for his constituent or country due to several reasons. These reasons are: police chiefs have interests of constituents and interests in the country. They also defend the constitution. Since policy makers are elected by the public, this will also give a chance to police chiefs to be elected by the public. Each policy maker has an obligation of defending the constitution. Police chiefs are also obliged to defend the American constitution, and this makes the liable policy makers (Chief of Police, 2007). A policy maker is a person who is responsible for making the policies of an organization. This includes the government or any other institution that requires regulations. A statesman refers to a diplomat or politician who has had a long, as well as respected duty at the national or international level. It has been said that police chiefs should be politicians. This is not a brilliant idea. Politicians have an obligation of representing and responding to the constituents, voting on legislation, participating in budget discussions and taking part in committees. Even though, police chiefs need to realize these factors, their central duty is to implement the law. This is a vital duty. They need to be separated from political matters so that they could execute their tasks to the fullest. If police chiefs are allowed to be statesmen, then this would interfere with the neutrality of the police force from politics. It will interrupt with the activities of the police force (Samuels, 2000). Question 3 Similarities Community oriented policing as a philosophy that encourages organizational strategies, which hold up the organized use of problem-solving techniques and partnerships, to tackle the immediate factors that give rise to public security issues. The security issues are social disorders , crime as well as fear of crime. Community oriented policing also comprises of three key components in America as well as other nations. These components are: community partnership, organizational transformation as well as problem solving. Most countries, including the United States, think that

Communication Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication Technology - Essay Example And as centuries passed by, communication tools were eventually refined, brought about by technological progressions- from typewriters and telephones, then computers and cellular phones, and now, laptops and notebooks, not to mention the advent of iphones and ipods- thus, broadening the horizons and spectra of communication. In this regard, it would be interesting to explicate and exemplify the effects of technological advances in communication into the lives and ways of the people. As such, this paper shall answer the following interesting queries: The modern contemporary society's daily lives may seem to be an indulgence in communication technology. People watch televisions and listen to radios, as well as converse or talk through phones and browse the internet. Perhaps, one can never imagine living a life each day without these communication technologies. On the other hand, compared 50 or 100 years ago, the people today are definitely experiencing more benefits in terms of the availability of the communication technologies. ... People watch televisions and listen to radios, as well as converse or talk through phones and browse the internet. Perhaps, one can never imagine living a life each day without these communication technologies. On the other hand, compared 50 or 100 years ago, the people today are definitely experiencing more benefits in terms of the availability of the communication technologies. For instance, during our grandparents' time 50 years ago, that is, during 1950s, they did not have access to the internet because the first internet or the predecessor to the internet, called the ARPANET, only started during 1969 and the renowned WWW or world wide web only became possible in 1994 (About.com "The History"; Federal Communications Commission "Making the Connections"). Hence, in most recent times, a growing percentage of American households agreed that internet broadband connections provided many advantages in their lives, as evidenced by integrated access to voice, high-speed data, video-on-demand, and interactive delivery services, thereby experiencing the fullest communication technology (Federal Communications Commission "Making the Connections"). [The image below was taken from ThinkQuest.org "Co mputer", which depicts how the current world "revolves inside an era of technological advancement in communication".] However, as communication technology advances, it is accompanied by the alarming unlawful activities like identity fraud and video scandals, to name some, which can be seen as the offenders' acts to "communicate" their aggression and bad intentions. In fact, anyone can become victims and be harmed by those misuses of communication

Mergers and Acquisitions Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9500 words - 1

Mergers and Acquisitions - Dissertation Example I am grateful for the many people who aided me in the completion of this project, without whom I would have had great difficulty completing my research on mergers and acquisitions. ABSTRACT With the advent of companies like Microsoft, Google, and Yahoo! merging, all kinds of discussions have ensued. What constitutes a merger What constitutes an acquisition And, admittedly, what is the difference The ensuing discussion raises questions as to the validity of mergers and acquisitions in a day and age when companies are struggling to meet their overhead costs. Many times, mergers and acquisitions are the solution-not the problem-to the dilemma which ails many organizations: "How do we stay in business" A comprehensive view of mergers and acquisitions is taken into account, as the pros and cons of equity financing, and the desirability of mergers and acquisitions ("M&A's") are evaluated. As an example, hundreds of M&A's on the London Stock Exchange are reviewed for a period of the past 10 years. Conclusions are summarily drawn from the data provided. I. Introduction A. Statement of the Problem What follows, regarding mergers and acquisitions, is all too common. Barmash (2003) stated, "The company didn't have a new president so it bought a company that didThey couldn't compete with the company, so they bought itThe company really didn't want to sell; it just wanted to see what kind of price it could draw" Unfortunately, for some companies, this is what happens. For whatever reason, companies sell out and new companies come to take their place. It is increasingly the way of the world. This is now the way business works. It is common for several industries to consolidate due to... Mergers and acquisitions can be the bright spot on lawyers and others’ resumes, based on how important the nature of the prospective deal is. And, M&A’s (as they are wont to be called) are highly valued in society and can change a company’s outlook on the future. Anon (2009) comments, â€Å"Not surprisingly, these actions often make the news. Deals can be worth hundreds of millions, or even billions, of dollars. They can dictate the fortunes of the companies involved for years to come. For a CEO, leading an M&A can represent the highlight of a whole career.† Many people in the information security and technology sectors are looking to the relative absence or presence of mergers as a way of gauging how successful their own company is. This is a key factor to remember when evaluating a company. As Tenopir et. al. (2007) denote, â€Å"There are a lot of worries from database providers but they are working on ways to integrate social networks, provide increased depth within their specialties, and make their products stand out in order to succeed on the information farms of the future.† Mergers and acquisitions are common. A majority of the populace should be concerned with M&A’s because they significantly affect the quality of life of millions. Anon (2009) denotes, â€Å"†¦it is no wonder we hear about so many of these transactions; they happen all the time. Next time you flip open the newspaper’s business section, odds are good that at least one headline will announce some kind of M&A transaction.†

Gender Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

Gender Stereotypes Essay Gender stereotypes are type of generalized or oversimplified perceptions, impressions, images, or opinions about men and women (Santrock, 2007, p. 177) It is also the presumption that a certain behavior or trait belongs to certain gender and cannot be applied to the other. In short, gender stereotyping can also involve assigning a certain label to a particular gender. One of the most common gender stereotypes are the ones associated with feminine and masculine behaviors. For example, it is common for most people to perceive that males should always be aggressive and tough. In addition, generally, in emotional situations, men are expected to hold their own and not breakdown or cry. It is also a general perception that young males should always strive to be athletic and active in sports and play toys such as guns, cars, and weapons. On the other hand, there are also several female stereotypes. For example, females are generally perceived to be emotional and are the first ones affected during a dramatic situation. In other words, females are expected to be more sensitive than males. Moreover, females are also generally perceived to be always demure and reserved. Furthermore, sexism is the attitude or idea that one gender is less valuable or weaker than the other or that one gender is better and superior than the other (Santrock, 2007, p. 178). It generally has two forms: old-fashioned and modern sexism. Old fashioned sexism is the belief that there should be differential treatment between women and men because women are significantly inferior to men while modern sexism is the rejection of the belief that there is still antagonism and discrimination towards women and their rights (Santrock, 2007, p. 178). One example of old fashioned sexism is when a male employee has a problem of having a female supervisor or boss. On the other hand, an example of modern sexism is when a male lawyer denies that there is discrimination against women even after his law firm rejected a potential lawyer partner simply because she is a woman. References Santrock, J. W. (2007). Adolescence 12th edition. McGr

Solar Powered Auto Irrigation System

Solar Powered Auto Irrigation System CAREER EPISODE 2 CE 2.1 INTRODUCTION My second career episode describes about my project named Solar Powered Auto Irrigation System, which deals with irrigation technique helpful for farmers. I made this project during my 7th semester of engineering. It was completed in six months semester duration. It was completed under the supervision of Prof. Ashima Kalra, electronics lecturer. I completed my Bachelors degree in Electronics and Communication from Surya School of Engineering Technology, Punjab, India. CE 2.2 BACKGROUND Solar energy is the most abundant source of energy in the world. It is a friendly form of energy as well as an answer to energy crisis. My project solar powered irrigation system will be useful for farmers. It just requires an initial investment and then it provides a free energy and is a green way for energy production. This system uses solar power that drives the water from bore well to tank via water pump. The controller automatically regulates the output valve of the tank. It also controls the flow rate of water and optimizes it for the use of water using moisture sensor. Thus, it needs to be used with available telecommunication technology. Plant growth and their produce are to govern or increased directly or indirectly by automating the agricultural field that monitors and controls climatic parameters. CE 2.3 The idea and goal behind opting for this project was to provide a system in which automatic irrigation can be done to plants which would help in saving water and precious time of farmers. It is designed and fabricated in such a way that it would provide fresh water to irrigate the crops to all the farmers. The idea for pursuing this project clicked to me when I was analyzing the problems faced in daily life by common people. And then I realized that the methods of irrigation that is used is one of the oldest technologies having various methods in it. And we always want methods that are fast, efficient, and effective to deliver adequate water to crops. So, the new Agricultural solar method would ensure that the crops are being maintained and the farmers no longer need to slave themself to manual grind of having to carry water in their buckets. CE 2.4 I made a work flow plan for my project. I divided it into various parts to process through it systematically and assigned a time so that my project is completed in that period. First step involved to do some research work on the project and abstract realization. Then analysis on the components to be used was done. Then I started to prepare a block diagram and schematic diagram of the project. I also gave time to learn about the controller and its way of interfacing. And the last stage involved implementing the hardware and software part and gave a troubleshoot before writing the final report thesis. CE 2.5 PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITY The pre-implementation research work on the topic helped me gain knowledge on the components that are required. It involves: PIC18F4520 microcontroller it is faster than other series of microcontrollers and can also be interfaced through USB and allows to simulate the program before it can be downloaded on it. Soil moisture sensor many soil moisture sensors make a soil moisture probe that can measure the content of water in the soil. Senses the high/low level of moisture than the threshold set. Solar panel it is directly mounted on the support structure and is a photovoltaic module, a set of solar photovoltaic modules or solar thermal energy panels. LCD display used to get the details of process taking place at that time. Motor two motors are used to give a rotatory movement to the irrigation system. These described above are the main building parts of my project. With the help of all these components its block diagram was prepared which is shown below. CE 2.6 The next step was to put this block diagram in practical implementation. I started with soldering component parts on the circuit and interfacing the LCD, sensor, and motor to the PIC18F4520 microcontroller. It was a little complex structure and involved deep concentration as any mistake would short the whole circuit. The later part involved designing the program on MPLAB software. It is a software that runs on PC and can be used to develop applications for microchip microcontrollers. It provides a single integrated environment that can be used to write programs for embedded microcontrollers and are also known as IDE, Integrated Development Environment. CE 2.7 The development cycle for writing an application code involves various stages. This controller allows embedded system design engineer to progress through this cycle without interruption between an array of tools. It allows engineers to concentrate on writing the code without any interruptions of separate tools and different modes of operation. The basic development system for my project involves the below stages. Using various available tools, a code is written, there is a project manager who organizes all file and databases and settings information. There is some hardware or software part that is useful in connection to the targeted controller and an assembler that is used for code conversion i.e. source code to machine code. CE 2.8 A flow chart was prepared based on the programming code that was used for my irrigation system. The steps and process along with the flow of program can be described using an algorithm as: Step 1: start of the process Step 2: GSM gets the initial power Step 3: it will check for moisture level Step 4: if the level is more than 50%, irrigation is not required Step 5: irrigation is required if moisture level falls below 50% Step 6: it initializes the motor Step 7: gives a brief report about the process/progress Step 8: after the completion of complete process it goes back to the original state. CE 2.9 And the final stage involved to perform a test run and troubleshooting. I tried to solve the maximum problems and errors in the software by myself. If I was unsuccessful in them, I made a list of problems and errors so that I could approach my project guide for the help and learn the technique that would be helpful in solving such errors and later implement it by myself. This type of irrigation system can be customized as per the need and the type of crop and is also having low maintenance. It is designed and developed in such a way that it can be scaled and customized for large open fields or for greenhouses. It has lot of scope for future expansion. One can make use of temperature monitoring in compost production or internet controlled duplex communication can be implemented which would help in taking powerful decisions. Such systems require low maintenance and attention and give long term benefits economically and is environment friendly. CE 2.10 There were many stages which involved complication and trouble pursuing it. The very first and big challenge was to complete it on time. As the process and implementation was a long and tedious process it took time for making it perfect. I made lot of mistakes while synchronization and interfacing of the components with the controller on the circuit board which intern was a delaying my project and making it costly as many components were not interfaced properly and got broken. Even after all such problems I didnt held myself back, I went on with my project by taking steps of guidance and consulted my professors as and when needed. In the end, it was completed and was made as I planned for it. CE 2.11 SUMMARY My project solar based irrigation system was completed on time and proved to the control system that gave real time feedback on monitoring and controlling of all the activities involving auto irrigation system very efficiently. It is a system that proved to be a manpower saver, that would incur profit and improve the production. It is a modernized structure in the agriculture industry with the optimum expenditure. In future, pesticides and fertilizer system can be implemented and added to this system so that it can be added automatically. It can also be developed so that it would measure the ambience temperature, humidity level or light intensity required. This project was a building block in my career. It broadened my views in terms of technology and helped me develop and grow myself as an engineer and market ready. It taught me to handle difficult situations and made me strong enough.

Reducing Carbon Emissions in Construction and Housing

Reducing Carbon Emissions in Construction and Housing Introduction In recent times new buildings have been the main focus in terms of improving energy efficiency in the construction industry. This agenda has been led by the introduction of minimum energy performance standards in Part L of the buildings regulations back in 2006. In recent times the code for sustainable homes has already set the target of net zero carbon emissions by 2016 for all new domestic buildings. Recent Part L amendments are geared towards ensuring the target is met. The proposal for 2010 is for a saving of 25% in CO2 emissions per year compared with 2006 levels. (Rabin, 2009) These challenging standards proposed for the building regulations in regards to new builds means that the industrys attention will continue to focus heavily on new buildings. However, new buildings only account for 1-2% of the total building stock each year, meaning that, if the government is to get close to its target of cutting carbon 80% by 2050, (Summers, 2008) significant CO2 reductions will need to come from existing buildings. 87% of the homes that will be standing in 2050 are already built, (DCLG, 2008) which is why government, industry and home owners are all looking into the benefits of refurbishing the existing housing stock. Aims The main aims of the research project are to: Investigate how existing housing can be upgraded to reduce carbon emissions Investigate whether eco-refurbishment is cost-effective in terms of both monetary costs and Co2 emission reduction. Objectives The main objectives of the research project are: To introduce the concept of eco-refurbishment To explain why upgrading an existing housing stock is necessary To investigate options for fabric service upgrades. Existing housing stock Carbon emissions output The code for sustainable homes is pushing forward in terms of the new build sector and the aim of zero carbon construction by 2016. The focus on the new build sector overshadows the existing housing stock despite it having an even bigger role to play in terms of reducing Co2 Emissions. Current predictions estimate that in 2050, the existing (pre-2006) housing stock will still make up two thirds of the UKs housing. This stock is typically poorly performing when measured by todays heightened energy efficiency standards, and hence it is essential that measures are taken to reduce its associated carbon emissions. (Greenbang, 2009) Each household in the UK creates around five and a half tonnes of carbon dioxide a year. Thats five and a half times the weight of the rubbish a household throws away in a year. Its also nearly double the carbon dioxide emissions that the average car produces in a year. (Energy Saving Trust, (n/d)) Options for fabric upgrade Priorities From the outset consideration must be taken as to which measures are cost effective in terms of both monetary cost and Co2 emission reduction. The options for fabric upgrade can be split into ten specific groups- Walls Most post -1930 homes have cavity walls and still the majority in the UK do not have the benefit of cavity-fill insulation. (Smith, 2004) Immediate increases in comfort, as well as lower energy bills could be met if this deficiency was to be rectified. Roofs Poorly insulated roofs offer rising heat the ideal escape route. Floors The British climate causes floors to be a particular drain in terms of heat lost. Windows Double Glazing has gained a hold on the housing sector, not least because of the assertive marketing tactics of some double glazing companies. In part, this is because it is perceived as a fashion accessory to a home. (Smith, 2004) High performance double glazing which uses low emissive glass is now required by the building regulations. Doors Double glazed doors can now be manufactured in a similar fashion to double glazed windows. Space heating and hot water A number of central heating systems remain in use within the UK which are well below current best practice. Air tightness straightforward draught-proofing can have a benefit out of all proportion to its cost. However, if the draught sealing has been carried out really effectively, it may be necessary to provide fan-assisted ventilation. (Smith, 2004) Ventilation Controlled ventilation is necessary to provide a healthy internal environment. Lighting and Appliances Appliances and white goods are often major energy drains, especially fridges and freezes. (Smith, 2004) When replacing appliances it is vital the appliance carries an energy saving recommended certificate mark Renewable and low carbon technologies Renewable technologies can offer additional reductions in environmental impact. The energy saving trust Best practice in refurbishment The energy saving trust produced a report in which a refurbishment standard was designed to give optimum balance of environmental performance and practicality. Using the best practice specification ensures that refurbishment work is carried out to the highest practical standard, and the maximum cost and carbon savings are realised for residents, and the environment. (The Energy Savings Trust, 2008) Table : Summary of Energy Saving Trust best practice in refurbishment standard Areas of Improvement Walls Where possible, walls should be insulated to achieve a maximum U-value of 0.30W/m ²K. Roofs For best practice, aim for a U-value of 0.16 W/m ²K when installing insulation between the joists or rafters. Flat roofs should be insulated to achieve a U-value of 0.25 W/m ²K or better. Floors Exposed floors should be insulated to achieve a maximum U value of 0.20-0.25 W/m ²K. Windows Replacement windows should have a BFRC rating in band C or above. Any retained windows should be draught-stripped. Doors Replacement doors should have a maximum U-value of 1.0 W/m ²K if solid, or 1.5 W/m ²K if half-glazed. All existing doors should be draught-stripped Space heating and hot water Domestic wet central heating systems and hot water should be installed to meet central heating system specification (CHeSS Year 2008 standard HR6 or HC6. Where electricity is the only option, the recommendation contained within Domestic heating by electricity should be followed Air tightness Air leakage paths can be identified using a pressure test and removed by undertaking remedial sealing. The best practice recommendation is to aim for an air permeability of 5m ³/(hm ²) at 50Pa. Ventilation A purpose-provided ventilation system should be installed. Lighting and appliances When re-wiring dedicated lamp fittings should be installed which accept only low-energy bulbs. Ideally greater than 75% of all fixed luminaries should be dedicated low energy fittings. Low energy appliances should be specified which carry energy saving recommended certification mark. Renewable and low carbon technologies After all basic energy efficiency improvements have been undertaken the specification of renewable technologies, such as solar hot water heating or photovoltaics, is encouraged where appropriate to further reduce environmental impact. Source: Figures taken from Roadmap to 60%: Eco-refubishment P.8 The Building Fabric Insulation Assumptions The costs and paybacks shown in tables under each area of potential fabric upgrade are approximations made by the energy saving trust; they are based on a gas heated semi-detached house with 3 bedrooms. A gas price of 3.80p/kWh has been used in their calculations. External Walls To reduce the amount of heat lost through external walls, the installation of insulation is required. Three common methods are traditionally used, the most cost effective being cavity wall insulation. Alternative methods include external wall insulation, or internal insulated dry-lining, these are generally used if the wall has no cavity. Cavity Wall Insulation Typically all masonry cavity walls built since the 1930s are suitable for the installation of insulation. Polystyrene beads or mineral fibre with a U-value of 0.30W/m ²K are blown in the wall cavity through a hole. It is recommended that installation be undertaken by an approved company using an approved system under the British Board of Agreement (BBA). Internal Wall Insulation When either a cavity wall or solid masonry wall are un-suitable for cavity insulation then internal wall insulation can be a cost effect solution. This is most cost effective when the existing plaster is being renewed. The wall should be insulated to achieve a maximum U-value of 0.30W/m ²K. (Energy Saving Trust, (n/d)) External Wall Insulation External wall insulation offers an alternative method of insulating a masonry wall. The installation and design is a specialist job, and advice should be sought from an approved company. External wall insulation is the most expensive of the three methods (Smith, 2004) but can be cost effective when other works are being carried out. (City of Westminister Council, (n/d)) Pitched Roofs Typically insulation is fitted between ceiling joists and rafters, covering the ceiling area. Any pipes which run through the loft space need be insulated as best possible. The insulation must be at least 250mm thick and have a U-value of 0.16 W/m ²K. Two layers of insulation is preferred, one between joists and one across the top. Loft Ventilation is required to maintain air flow. Flat Roofs For best practice insulation should be placed above the structure as part of the roof finish, referred to as a warm deck. If this is not possible the insulation may be fitted within the roof structure, often referred to as a cold deck. To keep costs low it is recommended to replace the insulation in roofs when the covering requires replacing. A rigid board material of 100mm thickness should be used; a U-value of 0.25 W/m ²K or better is required. Ground Floor Heat is typically lost through the ground floor; the amount lost is dependent on the shape and size of the flooring area. It is best to insulate a ground floor whilst works are being carried out. The floor should be insulated to a U-value of 0.20-0.25 W/m ²K. Intermediate Floors Intermediate floors allow for rooms over an un-heated space, such as a garage or storage room to be insulated. Where there is access from below this can be cost effective. (City of Westminister Council, (n/d)) Mineral fibre insulation should be used to achieve a U-value of 0.20-0.25 W/m ²K. Windows Traditional windows are usually single glazed without draught proofing and by todays standards offer a poor standard of energy efficiency. (City of Westminister Council, (n/d)) Switching to double glazed windows offers many benefits. Double glazed windows consist of two specially made glass panels with a space in between them; a gas such as argon is generally filled in this cavity as a form of insulation. They also often have a UV coating, which can be customised to the British climate. In many instances when frames are worn out and need replacing cost effective energy efficiency improvements can be made. External Doors Double glazed doors as well as windows are now a common sighting throughout the UK. They offer a much better standard of thermal insulation in comparison to that of a solid timber door. Glazing units in doors can be made to the same standards as windows. (City of Westminister Council, (n/d)) And as such should be replaced when frames are worn out. Draught Proofing and Ventilation A ventilation and airtightness strategy should be part of any refurbishment works. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007) The main objective of draught proofing and ventilating is to provide a balance between energy efficiency and the indoor air quality. Air leakage is the infiltration of air via unwanted gaps and cracks in the building envelope. Too much air leakage leads to heat loss as well as discomfort from cold draughts. As thermal insulation standards improve the proportion of total heat lost via infiltration increases significantly. Ventilation of the dwelling is desirable and necessary to remove moisture and other pollutants from the air. Airtightness The potential to improve airtightness of a dwelling will depend on the nature of the existing building and the type of works being undertaken. It is therefore difficult to set absolute targets but the best practice recommendation is to aim for an air permeability of 5m3/(h.m2) @ 50Pa. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007) Some simple measures can be taken to improve the airtightness. Draught proofing around windows, door; sealing around service pipes which pass thorough floors, walls and roofs; block up unused chimneys, but include ventilation to the room by means of a ventilator. Ventilation Purpose-provided ventilation (e.g. ventilators and windows) and extract fans are required to replace stale indoor air with fresh outdoor air. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007) Adequate ventilation is needed for both the comfort and the safety of occupants, as it removes or dilutes pollutants that accumulate in the dwelling. Once the dwelling is sufficiently airtight, controlled ventilation can be installed. One of the more beneficial ventilation systems is the single room heat recovery ventilator. This is a development of the extract fan which incorporates a heat exchanger. It recovers 60 per cent or more of the heat in the outgoing air. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007) This can then be used to preheat incoming air. Options for Service Upgrade Domestic Heating Hot Water By upgrading predated boilers a significant reduction in energy consumption can be achieved. Furthermore it is very cost effective. If the house has been insulated prior to the replacement or installation of the energy efficient boiler further improvement in the energy efficiency of the house can be felt. The followings points need to be considered when choosing an energy efficient domestic heating system The system is correctly sized to warm up the dwelling from cold taking account of heat gains from the sun, people, lights and appliances It uses fuel as efficiently as possible Provides heating and hot water only when required and where needed Have controls that are easy to use and understandable. The installation of an energy efficient boiler such as a condensing boiler will reduce running and costs and will in most cases add value to a property. The energy performance standard for new and replacement boilers was raised in England and Wales in April 2005, Northern Ireland in November 2006 and Scotland in May 2007. When replacing a boiler, a condensing boiler (with a seasonal efficiency of greater than 86 per cent) must now be installed in the majority of cases. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007) Heating assumptions Below, savings are shown for the upgrade of a condensing boiler from a G rated boiler to an efficient A rated boiler. These savings are approximations made by the energy saving trust and are based on a gas heated semi-detached house with 3 bedrooms. Savings assume a gas price of 3.80p/kWh. Lighting Electricity for lights and appliances (including cooking) can account for a significant proportion of total energy costs and CO2 emission. Energy demand for lighting can be reduced by: Using energy efficient lamps and luminaries (light fittings). Directing light to where it is needed. Controlling lighting use. Making the most of daylight. Immediate results can be made in the first three areas through basic home improvements. 75% of all fixed luminaries should be dedicated low energy fitting for best practice. The annual savings shown in the table below are based on a home owner changing 3 light bulbs to energy efficient light bulbs a year. Table : Annual Savings and Paybacks for Energy Efficient Light Bulbs Measure:  Energy-efficient light bulbs Annual saving ( £/yr):  Up to  £30 CO2saving a year:  Around 136kg Source: http://www.reduceyourco2.co.uk/tips.html Appliances Appliances account for a large proportion of total domestic energy use. As energy efficient appliances use less electricity, they are less expensive to run and are responsible for lower CO2 emissions. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007) Appliance assumptions The table below shows the energy ratings and savings when upgrading appliances. These savings are approximations made by the energy saving trust, they also assume replacing an average appliance purchased new in 1998 with an Energy Saving Recommended model of similar size and an electricity cost of 12.96p/kWh. Source: http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Energy-saving-assumptions Renewable and low-carbon technologies Several types of renewable technologies can generate electricity for a dwelling, including photovoltaics (PV), wind and micro-CHP. Other renewable or low-carbon technologies can also provide heating and hot water, such as heat pumps, biomass and solar hot water. Solar Water Heating By installing a solar water heater the house can use the suns energy to produce hot water. For a more cost effective approach it is advised to install a solar collector where other heating improvements are already being undertaken. There are two main types of solar water heaters, a flat plate collector or evacuated tube collectors. Both types have liquids in them which collect heat from the sun, this then passes through a coil in a hot water cylinder. These systems are typically only used for water heating, and are rarely used to provide space heating. Solar Water Heaters are amongst the most cost-effective renewable energy systems for existing dwellings. During the summer months, a typical system can supply between 80 and 100 per cent of hot water demand, the percentage being much lower in winter, of course. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007) Even when it is decided not to include solar water heating, it is worth making properties solar ready, to allow systems to be added later with minimal disruption. Photovoltaics PV panels allow solar energy to be converted into electricity. The panels can generate power to satisfy some of buildings electrical demand even in the northern latitudes, in some cases all of the buildings electrical demand can be met. The PVs are versatile and can be installed in numerous locations, glass roofs and conservatories being one option, a more common option being to install an array of them on a south facing roof. Grants Most of the grants and offers you can benefit from are provided by three main groups. The Government Energy Suppliers Local Authorities The Government A number of schemes are funded by the government, in some cases up to  £3,500 can be given to help people improve their heating and energy efficiency. In England the scheme is known as Warm Front, in Wales it is known as the Home Energy Efficiency Scheme. The eligibility criteria for the schemes differ between both countries, some schemes you need to be in receipt of certain benefits, whilst others are available to anyone over a certain age. Guidance as to the availability of these grants can be found on their websites. Examples of Home Energy Efficiency Scheme eligibility criteria; Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (Grant of up to  £2,000) Householders who either have a child aged under 16 or are pregnant and have been given maternity certificate MAT B1 and are in receipt of one or more of the following benefits: Income Support Working Tax Credit (with income less than  £16,040) Council Tax Benefit Child Tax Credit (with income less than  £16,040) Housing Benefit Income-based Jobseekers Allowance Income-related Employment and Support Allowance Source: http://www.heeswales.co.uk/do-i-qualify.htm The following websites offer further examples and information regarding eligibility criteria. Warm Front grant (England) http://www.warmfront.co.uk/do-i-qualify.htm Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (Wales) http://www.heeswales.co.uk/do-i-qualify.htm Energy Suppliers The Carbon Emissions Reduction Target (CERT) came into effect in April 2008, obliging electricity and gas suppliers in Great Britain to help reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from homes. (Energy Saving Trust, (n/d)) This means energy suppliers with a certain number of customers operating in Great Britain are obliged to achieve targets for improving home energy efficiency. The suppliers therefore provide a range of offers which significantly reduce the cost of installing energy efficiency measures. Local authorities Most Local authorities provide grants and offers for local residents to install certain energy efficiency measures in their home. (Energy Saving Trust, (n/d)) Case Study There are a number of case studies which show the benefits and tribulations of eco-refurbishment, one of particular interest is describe below. Nottingham Eco-home Architect Gil Shalom and his wife Penney Poyzer set out the task of refurbishing their Victorian home whilst reducing emissions by 85%. As well as reducing emissions by 85% they hoped to use only low impact materials. In the process they hoped to demonstrate how green design can appeal to a wider audience and be an aspiration lifestyle choice. (Sustainable Development Commission, (N/D)) Overview A typical 5-bedroom semi detached Victorian house that was refurbished over a six year period in a low energy and ecological way. Dating from around 1898, it was in a very run-down state and has been thoroughly upgraded by the owners, to provide a good example of eco retrofit. It is a demonstration of a variety of eco-friendly features including super-insulation, solar hot water and wood burning boiler, rainwater harvesting and waste composting systems. (Sustainable Development Commission, (N/D)) The project set out specific priorities to aim for during the refurbishment, they were to: Upgrade thermal performance through insulation, heat recovery ventilation and air tightness and thermal mass improvement Be as autonomous as possible in energy, water, sewage treatment and food Experiment with different low-impact materials It was estimated that an overall energy saving of 85% in terms of Co2 and 75% in terns if costs was made. This was a direct result of the refurbishment work which took place. Image 1 shows the areas of the house the refurbishment took place. The list below corresponds to Image1. (Sustainable Development Commission, (N/D)) Flat-Plate solar collectors for heating water Roof insulation 300/400mm thick (shredded newspapers) Roof lights with insulating low-emissivity glass Natural plasters- clay and lime based Super insulated hot water tank 100mm ozone friendly drylining to front face to maintain brick appearance 150mm external wall insulation with rendered finish Space saving bath and thermostatic shower controls Heat recovering fans Environmental-friendly paints Draught lobby triple- and double-glazed timber windows treated with natural fungicides and stains Energy efficient appliances Second hand reclaimed furniture tripped floorboards Copper rainwater goods with filters for rainwater harvesting 160mm natural floor insulation Rainwater storage for use in WCs and washing machine Low-flush toilets Non-PVC waste pipes Composting chamber for solid waste from WCs Separator lets liquids drain off and solids into composting chamber Decking Organic garden utilizing the principles of permaculture Table: Case Study- Energy and costs at the Nottingham Eco-home Research findings and discussion Fabric and Service upgrades In cases considered cavity wall insulation is shown to be highly cost-effective, however the current savings potential from the installation is beginning to tail off. The resultant reduction in Co2 emissions following the installation is a clear indication that the measures taken are cost effective in terms of both monetary cost and Co2 emission reduction. From the outset this was a main priority. Table : Costs and Paybacks for Cavity Wall Insulation issued by the Energy savings trust illustrates these potential savings. Although cavity wall insulation is reaching saturation point in terms of potential savings and cost-effectiveness, its counterpart solid wall insulation is not likely to reach this point for the next few years, this is a result of slower uptake. There are still significant potential savings to be had. Currently solid wall insulation is barely a cost-effective upgrade unless other work is being carried out. This may be the cause of a slower uptake. Advances in the technology behind solid wall insulation are likely to improve over coming years and the potential savings could be realised quicker as a result. The annual CO2 saving shown in Table : Annual Savings and Paybacks for Internal Wall Insulation shows significant savings could be made despite not being the most cost effective in terms of monetary cost Table : Annual Savings and Paybacks for Roof Insulation illustrates that loft insulation is a cost effective way to save energy and reduce domestic carbon emissions. The greatest saving is made when the loft previously had less than 150mm of insulation. If the loft previously had 150mm of insulation or more, the table shows that it is not cost effective to add more. Floor insulation can offer some potential Co2 savings, but is only truly cost effective if the floor is undergoing repair anyway. Table : Annual Savings and Paybacks for Floor Insulation gives us a figure of two years for the payback time which isnt the most cost effective. Older, less eco-friendly windows are slowly being replaced by low-emissivity double glazing, the potential savings will be realised gradually over the coming years. Currently replacing windows unnecessarily is highly inefficient in terms of cost-effectiveness, this is mainly because of high capital costs. Table : Annual Savings and Paybacks of Installing Double Glazing illustrates the potential reductions in Co2 emissions is significant, despite not being very cost-effective. Draught proofing is one of the more cost-effective fabric upgrades, though the potential Co2 emission savings are fairly low. To gain the most beneficial results from draught proofing, central heating upgrade, as well as glazing upgrade is advised. The full potential of draught proofing is realised when combined with these upgrades. Table : Annual Savings and Paybacks for Condensing boiler upgrade suggests that the installation of a class A condensing boiler and heating system offers potentially large Co2 emission savings, whilst also being one of the more cost-effective service upgrades a dwelling can undergo. Again the true potential of the installation is only realised when the dwelling receives draught proofing and glazing upgrades. Replacing at least 3 light bulbs with energy efficient bulbs is proven by Table : Annual Savings and Paybacks for Energy Efficient Light Bulbs to be both cost-effective and offer small savings of Co2 Emissions. It is one of the easier service upgrades to achieve. Table : Appliance Energy Ratings and Savings shows upgrading to energy efficient appliances of class A or more is a cost-effective energy measure, significantly cutting down on Co2 emissions, especially if all appliances are replaced. There is potential to save a considerable amount of carbon emissions with the use of solar water heating; as illustrated in Table : Annual Savings for installation of Solar Water Heater. The cost-effectiveness is currently very inefficient though with advancements in technology this may become more cost-effective within a few years. PV offer similar results to solar water heaters, despite offering significant savings in Co2 emissions; they are still not a cost-effective service upgrade. The cost far outweighs the reduction in Co2 emissions. Analysts predict that the cost of PV will fall dramatically over the coming decades, slowly becoming more cost-effective over time. Case Study The case study looked at was the Nottingham Eco-home, an ambitious refurbishment of a Victorian house. The owners set out specific priorities at the start of the project which they were aiming to achieve; Upgrade thermal performance through insulation, heat recovery ventilation and air tightness and thermal mass improvement Be as autonomous as possible in energy, water, sewage treatment and food Experiment with different low-impact materials The case study shows that as ambitious as it was initially, with the correct information and guidance, as well as clear aims objectives, eco-refurbishment offers attainable goals. Table : Case Study- Energy and costs at the Nottingham Eco-home clearly indicates that significant reductions in the energy costs led to savings per year for both money and Co2 emissions. With additional upgrades the table shows that even more improvements are to be had. Although some of the fabric upgrades and service upgrades are slightly out dated by todays standards, the case study shows that cutting Co2 emissions is very achievable, and the benefits of eco-refurbishment should not be overlooked The owners clearly achieved the specific goals they set out initially; an eco-refurbishment was carried out with beneficial results in regards to the cost-effectiveness and savings in Co2 reductions. Summary and Conclusion 87% of the homes that will be standing in 2050 are already built, (DCLG, 2008) There is evidence that the eco-refurbishment of these homes is definitely a viable option, though whether or not they will achieve the proposal for a 80% reduction in Co2 Emissions by 2050 (Summers, 2008) is still unclear. The cost-effectiveness and carbon savings of the fabric and service upgrades looked at varies tremendously. Many Assumptions have to be made when calculating the cost-effectiveness and annual Co2 saving of an upgrade, be it fabric or service. This is partially due to there being so many varieties and options for the upgrades. Technological advancements take place daily, and will have a dramatic impact on many of the upgrades looked at, the cost-effectiveness as well as the potential for carbon savings will rise slowly year by year. There are almost 25 million dwellings throughout the UK, if only half of these were to adopt energy efficient measures, the savings would be highly significant in driving the UKs housing stock emissions down towards the target 80% r

My Play about an Old Persons Home :: Drama

Old Persons home, in this task I will be try to show how explorative strategies are used in a piece of drama. This includes still image, narration, role-play, cross cutting and marking the moment. 5th July 1979 Strange, that it is a Monday I have decided to start a diary. I have always had trouble getting up on Mondays dreading the day ahead. I always wanted just five minutes more after that damned alarm. Of course where I am now they never let me lie in. With their foolish "regulations", I could teach them a thing or two about regulations. It's unbeknownst to me why I'm here, I shouldn't puzzle over it any longer it would boil my brain. 11th July After many days and nights in this establishment I finally saw someone else, like myself is unexplained to as why we are here. Peter, I think he is a little loony haha, he believes we are here because we are a threat to the government, says he knows things that if the Russians got we wouldn't be here for long. Aha I think he's had too many doses of their magic medicine. Course I don't trust that liquid anything that looks like all the colours of the spectrum cannot be good for you. 18th July Today I managed to speak to Peter for a few minutes he wasn't making sense today and was belted in to his wheelchair almost like a restraint which is queer for a one legged man. He was talking about Churchill and Hitler and WW two, I couldn't hear any full sentences, and he trailed off when that trunch-bull of a nurse came to take him back to his room. He did get me thinking about my experiences in the war. A chill runs down my spine every time I think about that time at Wolf Castle. The village around it still is a ghost town as far as I'm concerned and I do not wish to think about it anymore. Till the day I die. 1st August It seems me and peter almost served together at Wolf Castle. He would have reached it and we would have met forty years ago if it wasn't for that minefield. That's how he lost his leg you see; although unfortunately he does know about the atrocities that happened there. Least he didn't see them first hand. 3rd August Peter was talking about Castle again. I tried to explain to him I didn't want to hear but you know peter always babbling on about past times. He knew my Captain. This room is far too white for my old eyes; all I can see is white, I

Reasons Teen Disrespect Is On The Rise Essay -- essays research papers

Though cultures have many differences there have been a few traits that have united them across the spans of time and geographical area. Many of these traits have even been included in religious doctrine or social and moral laws. In western philosophy and religions the concept of respect has help a high place, allowing a clear distinction between those who have experience and answers to those who are young and naà ¯ve. Religions such as Christianity and Mormonism stress greatly that the young should respect the elderly, while the Judaic religion provides a strict consequence, should this command be broken. By Old Testament law, the disrespectful child was to be taken to the town council, and then promptly stoned to avoid the spread of the sin and to keep ?God?s Chosen? pure. In recent times the respect that teenagers have shown for the elderly has decreased significantly, this trend has become extremely apparent in the 1980?s and 90?s. Though modern social guidelines do not dictate the killing of a disrespectful youth, it is still considered something that must be stopped. High school students have always been notorious for their lack of respect for authority. Many have wondered how these changes occur, most children are respectful at a young age but seem to ?change over night? into a youthful teenager who is often disrespectful to those around them. Studies done in recent years have shown that society, media, and the physical changes that a teenager undergoes may all be res...

Leadership Styles :: essays research papers

The style of leadership that would be the most comfortable for me would be delegation. One of the first signs of good supervision is effective delegation. Delegation is when supervisors give responsibility and authority to subordinates to complete a task, and let the subordinates figure out how the task can be accomplished. Effective delegation develops people who are ultimately more fulfilled and productive. Managers become more fulfilled and productive themselves as they learn to count on their staffs and are freed up to attend to more strategic issues. Delegating is a critical skill for supervisors. Delegating involves working with an employee to establish goals, granting them sufficient authority and responsibility to achieve the goals, often giving them substantial freedom in deciding how the goals will be achieved, remaining available as a resource to help them achieve the goals, assessing their performance, addressing performance issues and/or rewarding their performance. Ultimately, the supervisor retains responsibility for the attainment of the goals, but chooses to achieve the goals by delegating to someone else. True delegation means giving up a little of what we would like to hold onto while keeping what we might prefer to give up. Participative style of leadership would be least comfortable for me. A participative leader, rather than making decisions, looks to involve other staff in the process. Often however, as it is up to the manager to decide how much influence others are given, this style can only work well, when both managers and staff understand and are in agreement about which tasks are important. The staffs expertise, experience and intuition need to be encouraged, not stifled, if challenging situations are to be negotiated. The goal of the participative leader is to persuade followers to share their values and connect with their vision. It appears to me, to be obvious that most large organizations, the federal government, the military, etc., require leaders and followers that possess the same core Leadership Styles :: essays research papers The style of leadership that would be the most comfortable for me would be delegation. One of the first signs of good supervision is effective delegation. Delegation is when supervisors give responsibility and authority to subordinates to complete a task, and let the subordinates figure out how the task can be accomplished. Effective delegation develops people who are ultimately more fulfilled and productive. Managers become more fulfilled and productive themselves as they learn to count on their staffs and are freed up to attend to more strategic issues. Delegating is a critical skill for supervisors. Delegating involves working with an employee to establish goals, granting them sufficient authority and responsibility to achieve the goals, often giving them substantial freedom in deciding how the goals will be achieved, remaining available as a resource to help them achieve the goals, assessing their performance, addressing performance issues and/or rewarding their performance. Ultimately, the supervisor retains responsibility for the attainment of the goals, but chooses to achieve the goals by delegating to someone else. True delegation means giving up a little of what we would like to hold onto while keeping what we might prefer to give up. Participative style of leadership would be least comfortable for me. A participative leader, rather than making decisions, looks to involve other staff in the process. Often however, as it is up to the manager to decide how much influence others are given, this style can only work well, when both managers and staff understand and are in agreement about which tasks are important. The staffs expertise, experience and intuition need to be encouraged, not stifled, if challenging situations are to be negotiated. The goal of the participative leader is to persuade followers to share their values and connect with their vision. It appears to me, to be obvious that most large organizations, the federal government, the military, etc., require leaders and followers that possess the same core

Love: Fascination and Biology Essay

Love.   People have been fascinated by it for centuries, and never more so than in the past hundred years or so, when people began to enter into relationships and marry for love, rather than political or social reasons.   We have also begun to research love further, and have come up with many different types and definitions for love, romantic love being only one type.   The psychology of love is a new area that looks at all these different definitions of love and what they mean to people today. When many people think about love, they are still mystified.   It seems difficult, if not impossible, to describe love.   It is a deep, true emotion that has captivated people for centuries.   Today, we write movies and books about it, feature it in our tabloids, and center our entire lives around it.   Yet, because it is such a large part of our lives, there must be some way to actually define it and understand it.   Psychologists have taken up the study of love for exactly this reason. An article in Psychology Today talks about love in today’s society: what it means, where our modern definitions came from, and how to achieve it.   First of all, love comes from bonding, no matter what people are involved in the situation – parents and children, husbands and wives, or friends.   Bonding leads to attachment, which is a form of love.   In this way, love becomes not a mysterious, other worldly, unexplainable phenomenon.   It becomes an easily understandable part of human life, and a necessary one at that (Johnson and Marano). Read more:  Persuasive Essay About Love Attachment is a part of survival.   If young children do not attach to an older caregiver (usually their mother), they will die.   They need the security that an older person will feed them, soothe them, and keep them warm.   Even once a child outgrows the need for another person to handle all of his or her needs, he still needs a person to help him meet his own needs. That is, to help him find food, make sure that he has clothes to put on himself, and to continue to soothe him.   Even adults need this kind of security, because most people do take care of themselves alone; they rely on others at least for comfort and emotional security, even if they can provide for their own physical needs.   However, families exist because sometimes providing even for physical needs can be such a daunting task that it is shared.   That’s why in a â€Å"traditional† society, one person works, and one person cares for the home (Johnson and Marano). This idea has been thoroughly studied.   Babies learn to attach to their parents when they are young, although depending on the parent’s style, some do not attach.   Babies whose parents respond to them in a consistent and loving manner tend to attach securely – when their parents leave, they cry and seek them; when their parents return, upon making sure the parent is there, they go to explore their world, confident in their parent’s love and availability.   Other babies are insecurely attached. That is, they are very fearful when their parents are gone, and tend to reject them or cling to them (or vacillate between extremes) when their parents return, usually because parents respond inconsistently to them: sometimes they are loving, and other times they are distracted and off-putting.   A third style is when babies are not attached.   They simply ignore their parents, whether they are present or not, and this is usually because the parents resist attempts at physical bonding (Johnson and Marano). If all of this is true even in small children, imagine the ramifications it can have throughout life.   Another psychologist has studied this in her book, The Psychology of Love.   Again, biological reasons are forefront: people need attachment and security to survive, at all ages.   But beyond simple attachment and mutual bonding, there are forms of love in which one person provides more than another does. The author presents situations in which one person feels and expresses love much more strongly than another.   For example, a woman who is depressed may rely much more heavily on her friends than they can rely on her.   A child certainly relies on its mother more than she relies on it.   And in some interesting cases, there is â€Å"unrequited† love, where a person may feel romantic love for another that isn’t reciprocated.   Love, as the author points out, isn’t always equal (Weis). Altruism is an interesting part of love.   A person who loves someone, especially a family member, is likely to behave altruistically towards that person, should a situation arise.   For example, if a family member were sick and unable to take care of himself or anything else, a person may take off work, care for the sick person, and pick up any of that person’s responsibilities as a matter of course.   This is not seen in relationships where there is not love, either because the people are strangers, or because they don’t like each other (Weis). This likely occurs because altruism is not truly action solely for another’s gain.   In fact, by caring for a family member, one is ensuring that the person will survive, and also ensuring that someday, that person will be able to, and more importantly, want to care for them in return.   This behavior protects the connection and attachment that is between two people.   This is why it is not seen in people who have no relationship: there is no need to ensure a stranger’s survival, because they will likely never be able to return the favor (Weis). Love is primarily studied in terms of this bonding and attachment now, because previously, psychologists considered it too lofty a subject.   But, with the real biological and mental basis, love is a phenomenon that is not only well-studied, but a subject that is involved in nearly every part of humankind. Romantic love has a biological basis, too.   Romantic love is the type that is most frequently thought of when a person says ‘love.’   First of all, ‘loving’ someone implies fidelity: that the people involved will be faithful to one another.   It allows constant sexual access, and therefore the possibility for procreation.   It allows a joint effort to survive, both as two individuals and as a family, once children enter the picture (Weis). Romantic love, according to Weis, is comprised of three areas: attachment, attraction, and sex drive.   All of these are biologically based, but there is also more to it than that.   Hormones help a person to feel attracted towards another, and they also signal the sex drive and sexual response cycle.   But if this biology were all there was to it, then our society would be a much simpler place. However, we are obsessed with romantic love.   In today’s world, people are constantly reading magazines and books to learn more about romantic love.   â€Å"Why does he never talk to me?†Ã‚   â€Å"Why does she talk constantly?†Ã‚   â€Å"Why is he such a commitment-phobe?†Ã‚   â€Å"Why is she planning the wedding after the first date?†Ã‚   There are literally dozens of books and magazines on the subject, with more coming out all the time.   Men want to understand women (although they claim they never will) and women want to understand men (although they’re pretty sure they already do, at least most of the time). These books and magazines exist because the world is far more complex today.   We have a myriad of reasons for choosing and staying with our partners.   Temptations and jealousies are everywhere.   We have social rules for behavior that say that it isn’t always possible to come out with your feelings as soon as you’re sure of them.   While the underlying principles are still the same –   hormones govern whether or not you’re attracted to a person, and play a significant role in helping to bond two people together and keep them together – the social rules of communication in love are also highly studied. In Marano’s article, â€Å"Relationship Rules,† this idea is studied.   This article is only one example out of many on this widely studied subject.   Her suggestions: Choose carefully, know your partner’s beliefs, don’t confuse sex and love, know your needs and speak up, view yourselves as a team, know and respect differences, solve problems immediately, learn to negotiate, listen, work hard at closeness, and more.   All in all, there are 25 â€Å"Relationship Rules† in this article (Marano). It has been widely studied that people who do not understand or speak up for their own needs in relationships are often unhappy.   Counselors and psychologists encourage people to always be willing to share their needs.   However, they also encourage recognizing that the other person had needs too, and that negotiation is good thing: being able to respect and work with both peoples’ needs (Marano). As Marano warns, though, too much dependency is not a good thing.   While it is true on many levels, from social to biological, that two people need each other to survive emotionally and physically, it is also possible to have too much of a good thing.   Two people must learn to meet their own needs sometimes, or to seek out another person or source to meet their needs.   Too much dependency causes a lack of focus on the relationship, and a loss of individual identity. For a final warning, Marano states that â€Å"love is not an absolute, not a limited commodity that in of or out of†¦.   It’s a feeling that ebbs and flows†¦.†Ã‚   Because hormones and many other life situations affect perception of love, two people may not always feel love towards one another.   However, if they accept that this is part of the natural way of things, they can still behave in a loving manner towards one another.   Love is about much more than just feeling amazing about another person all the time.   It is about caring for another person, putting him first, and accepting that he is not perfect. There are many ideas and perceptions about love in today’s society.   The original basis for love was biological, and to this day biology continues to be an important part of the process and feelings of love.   It keeps people together by producing incredibly powerful feelings of attachment and security.   But love is also about the tricky ins and outs of relationships.   Both of these areas have been heavily studied by psychologists, and continue to be studied today. As time goes on, we will learn even more about the psychology and biology of love.   We will learn more about how people attach to one another and why they do it.   But even if we never learned another thing about love, the entire world would remain fascinated by it, always falling in and out, and forming attachments to more new people.   Movies will be made, books will be written, and people will watch, read, and listen.   Love is everything. Bibliography Johnson, Susan, and Marano, Hara Estroff.   â€Å"In the Name of Love.†Ã‚   Psychology Today, November 17, 2006. Marano, Hara Estroff.   â€Å"Relationship Rules.†Ã‚   Psychology Today, February 10, 2006. Weis, Karin.   The New Psychology of Love.   Yale University Press, New Haven, CT: 2006.

Introduction and History of Psychology

1. Ask your parent, grandparent, sibling, or a friend that has not taken this course what they think an industrial and organizational psychologist is? Were they close? During lunch with a friend, we began discussing how school was going for each of us and I thought of this week's assignment. I asked my friend what she thought I/O psychology was. While she knew it had something to due with behaviors and work, she was unable to really specify what I/O psychology actually is.   She was quite surprised when I explained it to her. When asked the question, she was partially right. The word â€Å"psychology† gave her the impression that it was psychology, or behavior related; and the word â€Å"organization† led her to believe it was work-related. I think what likely stumped her was the word â€Å"industrial†; it is not a word most people would associate with psychology. 2. Why do you think so few people know about this field? As mentioned previously, most people wouldn't associate â€Å"industrial† with psychology. â€Å"Organizational† is a word that most people are familiar with and naturally assume that it refers to a job or the workplace. I think most people would likely associate many of the functions of an I/O psychologist with those of those of the human resource department (HRD). Many people working in medium-to-large organizations are familiar with the evaluations, assessments and programs conducted in the HRD. It is possible that many people would not consider the functions listed on the SIOP website as areas of I/O psychologist functions, as these functions are associated with the HRD. Examples of these functions include; legal, workplace health, compensation and benefits, employee behavior, employee issues, WorkLife programs and performance evaluations and assessments (SIOP Brochure, sect. 5, 2006). 3. Do you think it would help if we changed the name of the field to something else, like â€Å"Work Psychology†? If the name of the field were to change, what other names would be more descriptive of what we do? It might be helpful to change I/O psychology to a more familiar term in order to increase familiarity with the work and services of I/O psychologists. If the name of the field was to change, I think it should encompass the services of helping employees achieve satisfaction in their place of employment. The various job titles of I?O psychologists listed on the SIOP website is an example of why people may not know of I/O psychology and related services; there are so many different titles. SIOP, for example, lists the following human resource related job functions: â€Å"Corporate Vice President, Director, Manager, Staff Member of Organizational Development, Management Development, Human Resources Research, Employee Relations, Training and Development, and Leadership Development† (sect. 7).  Names that come to mind that may be suitable for replacing the term I/O psychology are:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Employee Relations Psychology  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Workforce and Organization Psychology  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Employer and Employee Developmental Psychology 4. Let me know why you are taking this course and what you hope to learn from this class. I am taking this course to continue learning about the various fields of psychology in order to eventually discover which field I am most interested in pursuing. I hope to learn the inner workings of an organization through the functions of an I/O psychologist and how an I/O psychologist can help employees improve their work experience and increase their chances for success.

The Shift from Medium Specificity

Yinxuan Ma 1 The shift from medium specificity as the organizing principle for advanced art production to the notion of â€Å"site† and â€Å"system† can be seen as a bold attempt—it challenges the expectation for art marketing as well as criticizing consumer centric culture. During the period, artists may still be invested in the visual or formal aspects of art, however, there is a new sense of prioritizing the conceptual ideas that reveal different understandings of artwork and even painting. It is inadequate for viewers to just focus on the presentation of the article, because only the words behind the objects can show the great shift.Frank Stella, an artist who embraced geometric abstract painting, switching his concentration from fascinating visual shock to simplified painting form by using minimalist strategies, when he created works, such as â€Å"Die Fahne Hoch! †. Frank made minimal decision as to how to extract necessity from his format. Apart fr om this, Frank minimized the presentation of the color and aesthetic strategy. â€Å"This flew in the face of the Modernist idea that painting imposes a fixed set of aesthetic limitations. † (Frank Stella, Seltz and Stiles, P143) As I mentioned before, â€Å"Die Fahne Hoch! (Franks Stella, â€Å"Die Fahne Hoch! † 1959), which translate to English means â€Å"Raise the Flag† consists of black background and white lines, it seems like the painting has nothing to do with â€Å"flag†. However, the idea of naming the title â€Å"Die Fahne Hoch† comes from the Nazi marching song which emphasis the â€Å"domination†. Here, in the painting, the color of background—black dominates the whole Yinxuan Ma 2 article and we can also easily find the scheme of sketch and the symmetry pattern he applied in painting.As the basic and surfaces are so ordinary and unadorned that many critics of that time refused to accept them as art. But Frank argued tha t, his painting is based on the fact that only what can be seen there is there. It really is an object. Any painting is an object and anyone who gets involved enough in this finally has to face up to the objectness of whatever it is that he is doing. (Frank Stella, Seltz and Stiles, P144) I’m in favor of his argument—because â€Å"accurate† and â€Å"right† are not only adjectives for the art. The object he created is more straightforward and clear.Different from other forms, Frank wanted viewers to explore painterly detail, and his object did so by basic and plain presentation. Standing in front of the painting, viewers will see the symmetrical white lines across the black background, comparing to other paintings, Frank’s work is much more plainly and simply, the â€Å"black and white† article ask viewers to put their eyes close to the object–how the two elements â€Å"black† and â€Å"white† coexist, and represent the execute of the article. Audience needs to switch their focus from â€Å"what the painting trying to tell me† to â€Å" what I see on the canvas†.To Robert Morris, his preference is sculpture but not painting. Instead of using rich materials or scales to frame the article, Robert takes sculpture to maintain his particular insistence on the minimalism—Sculpture. For want of a better term, that grouping of work which does not present obvious information content Yinxuan Ma 3 or singularity of focus. (Stiles and Selz, P701) For example, the Untitled (Robert Morris, Untitled â€Å"three L-beams, 1964) doesn’t present obvious information content or singularity of focus.In the limited space, these L-beams are placed in sitting, lying and balancing postures, like three Platonic Grace. (David Hopskin, P140). The presentation of the L-beams are casual and disordered, when viewers walk into the exhibition, the beams are just â€Å"there†Ã¢â‚¬â€occupy the lim ited space with different patterns. You can consider the sculpture as bench, arch or platform. â€Å"Through the design of the beams Robert attempt to â€Å"tone up† Viewers’ eyes, bodies and minds. †(Hopskin, P143) â€Å"What work does? † Robert raised the question to his audience.The physical extension of Robert’s sculpture obey the rule of the nature: from which, viewers see the shadows, space and positive forms of the sculpture. What audience needs to do is that forget the limitation of the space, getting rid of the relationship between â€Å"work† and â€Å"made†, to read, to taste the sculpture with their original forms. â€Å"The form used in present-day three-dimensional work can be found in much past art. Grid patterns show up in Magdalenian cave painting. Context, intention, and organization focus the differences.The similarity of specific forms is irrelevant. † (Stiles and Selz, P703) If Robert Morris comes up with t he idea of â€Å"Anti Form†, Eva Hesse rejuvenates the concept by exploring the movement’s hiding aspect and system. Her work– Yinxuan Ma 4 Accession II (Eva Hesse, Accession II, 1967) shows difference between Frank Stella as well as Robert Morris because of the â€Å" imperfection†. The â€Å"Accession† was composed of perforated Minimalist cubes threaded with thousands of pieces of plastic tubing, which provided them with bristling interior â€Å"lives†. (Hopskin, P150).The cube, with crude inside and smooth outside, will make viewers think about human body, the skin may glossy and clean, but the hair, the internal organs, looking rough and chaotic. Eva minimizes the formal form of an object, what she emphasis here is â€Å"literal nature of materials†. Meanwhile, Eva’s objects are closely interrelated to â€Å"biological† and â€Å"human body† because of her experience–from German Nazi to America, from f ather’s death to mother’s suicide, and eventually, Eva suffered from cancer herself–the pain and the sorrow come from body as well as psychological.Her effort is bold as she put social and political agenda aside, creating article to express every-day life. Male, female, love and sex. She minimizes the narration and frame, using basic, or raw material like fiberglass, latex to absorb the spectator in its tangles. As a feminist, Eva Hesse says, â€Å"To me insurmountable to achieve an ultimate expression, the complete dedication seemingly only man can attain. † (Stiles and Selz, P704) The object â€Å"Studio view† (Eva Hesse, studio view, 1965) can be recognized as representative article to her. There are lots of stuff hung on the wall, circles, tire-shaped stuff and rope-shaped stuff.Among these objects, there is one that captured my eyes—several ball-shaped stuff inside string bags. Yinxuan Ma 5 From my point of view, the ball-shaped stuff d efinitely speaks out Eva’s objection of â€Å"his domain†. Female can have work, female can say â€Å"no† to male. What is more significant, females can display their own achievement! From this, viewers can find the self-confidence of Eva, comparing to male, her studio is also full of works and successful artworks. When audience admires Eva’s objects, the â€Å"whole work† or â€Å"perfection† should be ignored.Without fixed formula or logical form, Eva Hesse’s articles come from her â€Å"mental decision† and her detailed observation of daily life. Viewers need to put their eyes on the â€Å"imperfection† side of sculpture, thinking about the human body at same time—none of us are prefect, the blemish and shatter make our life real. To the artists, the color, the material or the forms are no more important, what viewers should notice and learn is the â€Å"words behind the objects†. To Frank, the conceptua l art is broader than any other art, his geometric objects are specific and creative that speak out his idea.To Robert, his sculpture stay â€Å"real† and â€Å"phenomenological†, to Eva, the cube brings up the humanity and the imperfection of human in real life. As a viewer, what capture your eyes is no more bright color or fantastic frame, as they are minimized. Here, the simple lines, the curve and the plastic tubes can lead you to artists’ world, to hear what they say, to watch their experience, to explore the relationship between art and the idea they came up with. ARTH 2201 Art + Design Dr. Gloria Sutton Yinxuan Ma 11/13/2012